Scientists discovered a new type of brain cell that could revolutionize our understanding of the neuronal system.
This groundbreaking discovery has resolved longstanding debates and has the potential to pave the way for novel approaches in the treatment of various diseases. Neurobiologists from the University of Lausanne and the Center for Bio- and Neuroenergy Wyss in Geneva conducted a study, the results of which were published on September 6 in the prestigious scientific journal “Nature”.
Until now, it had been believed that the mammalian nervous system consisted of two types of cells: neurons and glia. Neurons are specialized cells responsible for transmitting electrical and chemical signals throughout the body. Glial cells, on the other hand, provide support and protection to neurons. However, a fundamental question remained unanswered: can astrocytes, a type of glial cell, produce neurotransmitters?
“Nearly 20 years ago, some researchers hypothesized that astrocytes might be capable of producing glutamate,” explains Andrea Volturra, co-director of the study. By employing advanced genomic tools, the scientists were able to ascertain the truth. They identified a unique subset of astrocytes that exhibited the same machinery found in neurons for glutamate secretion.
In essence, the researchers discovered hybrid cells that possess characteristics of both neurons and glia. These cells are predominantly found in specific regions of the brain and play a crucial role in certain functions. Manipulating the activity of these cells in mice resulted in memory disorders and motor impairments.
This discovery highlights a new level of complexity and specificity in the functioning of different brain regions, offering valuable insights for the development of more targeted treatment strategies for brain diseases.
The team is currently investigating the involvement of this newly identified cell population in the development of Alzheimer’s disease. Volturra states, “Based on our findings, novel and highly specific medical interventions can be contemplated.”