Physicists have long encountered a problem: quantum mechanics and general theory of relativity are incompatible. Quantum theory describes the microworld, while relativity explains the gravity and movement of massive objects. However, when trying to unite them within the framework of a unified theory, contradictions arise. The new approach, proposed by Dr. Wolfgang Viland from the University of Erlangen-Nunberg, can help overcome this barrier. His work, published in the journal Classical and Quantum Gravity, offers a new understanding of gravity through quantum principles.
In classical physics, there are four fundamental forces: gravity, electromagnetism, strong and weak interactions. The first three have already been inscribed in quantum theory, but gravity remains an exception. This becomes critical in extreme conditions, for example, in black holes or at the time of a large explosion. According to the general theory of relativity, matter inside the black hole collapses at an infinitely small point. However, on this scale, the laws of quantum mechanics should work, which are not consistent with the predictions of relativity.
One of the key aspects of Wiland’s work is to rethink the structure of space and time. It suggests that space-time is not continuous, but consists of discrete, quantum units. If so, gravity can also be described through quantum theory. In such a world, the movement would not be smooth: for example, the object could not move to an arbitrary distance, but only to fixed steps. Similarly, time would not flow continuously, but would move with jumps, like a second watch arrow.
An important element of this hypothesis is the limit of the bar – the maximum power with which energy can be transmitted in the universe. According to current physical models, energy can be radiated at an infinitely high speed, which makes the equations of quantum gravity unsolvable. Viland showed that in the quantum space there is a upper power limit – 10⁵³ watt. This is an analogue of the speed of light in the theory of relativity: a fundamental restriction that cannot be exceeded.
If this approach is true, it will help to describe gravitational waves through discrete quanta and give the key to the unification of quantum mechanics with gravity. As part of the Heisenberg project, Viland will continue to investigate the effect of gravity on causal relationships and the structure of the universe.