Quantum chromodynamics (KHD) serves as a theoretical framework for examining the forces present within atomic nuclei and their constituent parts – protons and neutrons. A primary objective of KHD is investigating the mechanisms that keep quarks and glows confined within nucleons.
The forces within nucleons can be analogized to gravitational forces mathematically. Nevertheless, quantum effects, referred to as “trace anomalies,” exhibit non-standard behavior that can play a significant role in nucleons. These anomalies may regulate the equilibrium between internal pressure within nucleons and the forces binding them together.
Recent research has demonstrated that trace anomalies are quantifiable through products like charmonia, generated at facilities such as the Thomas Jefferson National Laboratory and the future electron-ionic collider. Scientists are also able to theoretically compute trace anomalies utilizing KHD principles. The findings have been published in the journal PHYSICS LETTERS B .
By combining experimental observations with theoretical estimations of trace anomalies, researchers can acquire valuable insights into the distribution of mass and pressure within adrones – particles comprised of quarks and gluna. Interestingly, the retention of particles within specific volumes in both hadrons and superconductors can be explained using a unified mathematical framework, akin to the functions of cosmological constants or dark energy in models depicting the universe’s expansion and acceleration.
Ultimately, the ability to measure trace anomalies experimentally and calculate them within the lattice of KHD presents a direct avenue for exploring and comprehending the dynamics of quantum chromodynamics. These instances elucidate how notions of energy, pressure, and confinement manifest across different physical systems, ranging from the microscopic to cosmic scales, thereby offering a unified comprehension of diverse phenomena in physics.